Alternative options for visualizing ureteral patency during intraoperative cystoscopy

Brought to you by the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons. These authors provide and surgically demonstrate 5 alternatives to using indigo carmine during cystoscopy to localize ureteral orifices and demonstrate ureteral patency: preoperative oral phenazopyridine, partial filling of the bladder with either sterile water or 10% dextrose solution, and IV administration of either methylene blue or sodium fluorescein. The benefits and drawbacks of each technique are discussed.