Reassurance, observation recommended for intoeing in children

While there are few pathologic torsional variations, there are some pathologic angular variations, Dr. Phillips pointed out. They include Blount’s disease, a growth disturbance of the medial proximal tibial epiphysis; metabolic bone disease, such as early renal failure or vitamin D–resistant rickets; and a posttraumatic deformity.

"What you ought to really be careful about is if the bowlegging is coming from below the knee," which can be a sign of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia, he said.

Dr. Phillips had no disclosures.

emechcatie@frontlinemedcom.com