Transitioning patients with developmental disabilities to adult care
The pre-visit questionnaire, instructive videos, and Web resources detailed here can help you play a pivotal role in planning, commencing, and solidifying this transition.
PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS
› Provide young people who have an intellectual or other developmental disability (IDD) with a defined, explicit process for making the transition into the adult health care system. A
› Conduct an annual comprehensive, systematic health assessment for patients who have IDD to improve detection of serious conditions and sensory impairments. A
› Encourage young people and adults with IDD to participate in regular physical activity to reduce psychosocial stressors and counteract metabolic syndromes. A
Strength of recommendation (SOR)
A Good-quality patient-oriented evidence
B Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
C Consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, case series
Successful implementation of preventive health screening tests often requires ingenuity and the collective creativity of the patient, family members, staff, and family physician to allay fears and anxieties. Examples: Women who have been advised to undergo screening mammography might feel less anxious by undergoing tandem screening with their sister or mother, and colorectal cancer screening might be more easily accomplished using a fecal DNA test rather than by colonoscopy. Procedural desensitization strategies and preventive care instructional materials targeting people with IDD are posted on YouTube (for example, the “DD CARES Best Practices” series [see www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPJy4zvg4io]) and other websites.
Management of chronic disease
Evidence of health disparities in patients with IDD includes suboptimal management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes18 and hypertension,19 despite contact with a primary care physician. Nonadherence to a medication regimen might be more common in patients who live with their family or in a residential setting where there is a lower degree of supervision—that is, compared to a residence that maintains 24-hour staffing with daily nursing care and supervision. For a patient who is not so closely supervised, reviewing the medication refill history with the pharmacy, or using the so-called brown-bag technique of counting pill bottles brought to appointments, can ensure medication adherence.
CASE
As you interview Ms. S, you note that she is shy, avoids eye contact, and appears generally anxious. You calm her by noticing and complimenting her jewelry and fingernail polish. Ms. S smiles and talks about her favorite polish colors.
Her mother reports that, when Ms. S is stressed, she talks to herself alone in her bedroom. However, you do not observe evidence of schizoaffective disorder, and begin to wonder whether she needs to be taking risperidone.
Essentials of mental health care
It is estimated that one-third of adults with IDD have significant mental and behavioral health care needs.20 Patients with IDD suffer the same psychiatric disorders as the general population; some also engage in problematic behaviors, such as self-injurious actions, physical or verbal aggression (or both), property destruction, and resistance to caregiving assistance.
Continue to: Mental and behavioral health problems...
