Sexually Transmitted Infections Caused by Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Diagnosis and Treatment
Test of Cure
Because of the decreasing susceptibility of M. genitalium and N. gonorrhoeae to recommended treatment regimens, the European Guidelines consider test of cure essential in STIs caused by these 2 organisms to ensure eradication of infection and identify emerging resistance.79 However, test of cure is not routinely recommended by the CDC for these organisms in asymptomatic patients.12
Sexual Risk-Reduction Counseling
Besides aggressive treatment with appropriate antimicrobial agents, it is also essential that patients and their partners receive counseling to reduce the risk of STI. A recently published systematic review demonstrated that high-intensity counseling could decrease STI incidents in adolescents and adults.80
Conclusion
It is clear that these 2 sexually transmitted ”superbugs” are increasingly resistant to antibiotics and pose an increasing threat. Future epidemiological research and drug development studies need to be devoted to these 2 organisms, as well as to the potential development of a vaccine. This is especially important considering that antimicrobials may no longer be recommended when the prevalence of resistance to a particular antimicrobial reaches 5%, as is the case with WHO and other agencies that set the standard of ≥ 95% effectiveness for an antimicrobial to be considered as a recommended treatment.32 With current resistance rates for penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline at close to 100% for N. gonorrhoeae in some countries,30,79 it is important to remain cognizant about current and future treatment options.
Because screening methods for M. genitalium are not available in most countries and there is not an FDA-approved screening method in the United States, M. genitalium poses a significant challenge for clinicians treating urethritis, cervicitis, and PID. Thus, the development of an effective screening method and established screening guidelines for M. genitalium is urgently needed. Better surveillance, prudent use of available antibiotics, and development of novel compounds are necessary to eliminate the impending threat caused by M. genitalium and N. gonorrhoeae.
This article is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Fargo VA Health Care System. The contents of this manuscript do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
Corresponding author: Tze Shien Lo, MD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2101 Elm Street N, Fargo, ND 58102.
Financial disclosures: None.
