Simple Patient Care Instructions Translate Best: Safety Guidelines for Physician Use of Google Translate

Conclusion

This study suggests that 9 times out of 10, the quality of machine translation using Google Translate is acceptable in terms of quality and safety. Currently, machine back translation may fail to reveal a relatively poor translation from English to Spanish. This study showed that increasing sentence complexity, as measured by the reading level index, was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in unsafe machine translation. Similarly, including medication instructions in machine translations were associated with increased risk (P < 0.05) of machine translation safety error in this study.

A simple way to improve communication now would be to display the reading level to authors of patient communication content in real time, and limit the dictionary of acceptable words to forbid the use of known ambiguous terms or forbidden abbreviations. This would teach authors to use simple language, and increase the chance that translation (either human or machine) would be effective. This preliminary study suggests that keeping medication dosing instructions in a structured format is advisable, as is keeping sentences simple. As with spoken language [4], starting with clear, simple to understand English instructions provides the best machine translations into Spanish.

The Clinical Machine Translation Study Group: Todd W. Altenbernd, Steven Bedrick, Mark D. Berg, Nerida Berrios, Mark A. Brown, Colleen K. Cagno, Charles B. Cairns, Elizabeth Calhoun, Raymond Carmody, Tara F. Carr, Clara Choo, Melissa L. Cox, Janiel Cragun, Rachel E.M. Cramton, Paola Davis, Archita Desai, Sarah M. Desoky, Sean Elliot, Mindi J. Fain, Albert Fiorello, Hillary Franke, Kimberly Gerhart, Victor Jose Gonzalez, Aaron John Goshinska, Lynn M. Gries, Erin M. Harvey, Karen Herbst, Elizabeth Juneman, Lauren Marie Imbornoni, Anita Koshy, Lisa Laughlin, Christina M. Laukaitis, Kwan Lee, Hong Lei, Joseph M. Miller, Prashanthinie Mohan, Wayne J. Morgan, Jarrod Mosier, Leigh A. Neumayer, Valentine Nfonsam, Vivienne Ng, Terence O'Keeffe, Merri Pendergrass, Jessie M. Pettit, John Leander Po, Claudia Marie Prospero Ponce, Sydney Rice, Marie Anoushka Ricker, Arielle E. Rubin, Robert J. Segal, Aurora A.G. Selpides, Whitney A. Smith, Jordana M. Smith, William Stevenson, Amy N. Sussman, Ole J. Thienhaus, Patrick Tsai, J. Daniel Twelker, Richard Wahl, Jillian Wang, Mingwu Wang, Samuel C. Werner, Mark D. Wheeler, Jason Wild, Sun Kun Yi, Karl Andrew Yousef, Le Yu.

Corresponding author: Joseph M. Miller, MD, MPH, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, 655 North Alvernon Way, Suite 108, Tucson AZ 85711, jmiller@eyes.arizona.edu.

Financial disclosures: None.