Condom Catheters versus Indwelling Urethral Catheters in Men: A Prospective, Observational Study

Our study revealed three important findings. First, noninfectious complications greatly outnumbered infectious complications, regardless of the device type. Second, condom catheter users reported significantly less pain related to placement of their device compared with the indwelling urethral catheter group. Finally, many patients reported complications that were not documented in the medical record.

The only randomized trial comparing these devices enrolled 75 men hospitalized at a single VA medical center and found that using a condom catheter rather than an indwelling catheter in patients without urinary retention lowered the composite endpoint of bacteriuria, symptomatic UTI, or death.⁴ Additionally, patients in this trial reported that the condom catheter was significantly more comfortable (90% vs 58%; P = .02) and less painful (5% vs 36%; P = .02) than the indwelling catheter,⁴ supporting a previous study in hospitalized male Veterans.⁵

Importantly, we included patient-reported complications that may be of concern to patients but inconsistently documented in the medical record. Pain associated with removal of both condom catheters and indwelling urethral catheters was reported in over 40% in both groups but was not documented in the medical record. One patient with a condom catheter described removal this way: “It got stuck on my hair, so was hard to get off…” Condom catheters also posed some issues with staying in place as has been previously described.⁶ As one condom catheter user said: “When I was laying down it was okay, but every time I moved around…it would slide off.”

Recent efforts to reduce catheter-associated UTI,^7-9 which have focused on reducing the use of indwelling urethral catheters,^10,11 have been relatively successful. Clinical policy makers should consider similar efforts to address the noninfectious harms of both catheter types. Such efforts could include further decreasing any type of catheter use along with improved training of those placing such devices.¹² Substantial improvement will require a systematic approach to surveilling noninfectious complications of both types of urinary catheters.

Our study has several limitations. First, we conducted the study at two VA hospitals; therefore, the results may not be generalizable to a non-VA population. Second, we only included 80 patients because we recruited a limited number of condom catheter users. Third, although we tried to compare two similar groups of patients, it is possible that indwelling catheter patients had greater morbidity, which necessitated the use of an indwelling catheter instead of a condom catheter. Finally, we found a large discrepancy between what our patients reported and the information gained from a review of their medical records. While complications reported by the patient may not constitute a medically defined complication, due to the well-known phenomenon of poor documentation of catheter complications in general,¹³ we believe that what patients report is important for understanding the full scope of potential problems.

Limitations notwithstanding, we provide comparison data between condom and indwelling urethral catheters. Condom catheter users reported significantly less pain related to initial placement of their device compared with those using an indwelling urethral catheter. For both devices, patients experienced noninfectious complications much more commonly than infectious ones, underscoring the need to systematically address such complications, perhaps through a surveillance system that includes the patient’s perspective. The patient’s voice is important and necessary in view of the apparent underreporting of noninfectious harms in the medical record.