Improving Hand Hygiene Adherence in Healthcare Workers Before Patient Contact: A Multimodal Intervention in Four Tertiary Care Hospitals in Japan

In the era of multidrug resistant organisms spreading to healthcare facilities, as well as in the community, prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) has become one of the most important issues in the world. HAIs impact morbidity and mortality of patients, increase healthcare costs,^1,2 and are associated with a longer length of stay in the hospital.^3,4 In Japan, HAIs are a salient problem; more than 9% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) developed an infection during their ICU stay,⁵ and the numbers of multidrug resistant organism isolates causing HAIs have been increasing annually.⁶

Hand hygiene is the most important strategy for preventing the spread of MDROs and reducing HAIs.⁷ Heightened attention to hand hygiene has occurred because of the recent global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which first appeared in Wuhan, China.⁸ Because no proven antiviral or vaccine is currently available for the disease, hand hygiene, appropriate cough etiquette, and physical distancing, including school closures, are the only way to prevent spread of the illness.^9,10 The virus appears to be highly contagious and spread by droplet or contact routes. The spread of COVID-19 in healthcare facilities has been significant,¹¹ and it could be a source of further spread of the disease in the community.

Unfortunately, hand hygiene adherence remains low in most settings.¹² The World Health Organization (WHO) created a strategy to improve hand hygiene adherence,¹³ which has been implemented in many countries.¹⁴ This strategy consists of five key components: (1) system change, (2) training/education, (3) evaluation and feedback, (4) reminders in the workplace, and (5) institutional safety climate.¹³ Implementing a multimodal intervention including these five elements has increased hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers (HCWs) and appears to reduce HAIs in different locations.^15-17 Improving hand hygiene practice among HCWs is considered one of the most important ways to decrease the incidence of HAIs.^15,18,19

There are two types of practice for hand hygiene: either hand washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub (AHR). The former requires water, soap, a sink, and paper towels, whereas the latter requires only hand rub, which is easy to use and requires one-third the length of time as the former.²⁰ Therefore, AHR is strongly recommended, especially in acute and intensive care settings in hospitals, which require urgent care of patients. Importantly, previous studies demonstrated that greater use of AHR resulted in significant reductions in HAIs.^7,14

In Japan, the data related to hand hygiene adherence is limited. Previous studies at four hospitals in different regions of Japan demonstrated that hand hygiene rates were suboptimal²¹ and lower than reported adherence rates from other international studies.¹⁴ One study at three hospitals showed rates could be improved by a multimodal intervention tailored by each institution.²² A 5-year follow-up study demonstrated the sustainability of the multimodal intervention²³; however, hand hygiene adherence rates remained low at approximately 32%.

We hypothesized that perhaps focusing attention on just one single region (or prefecture) could boost hand hygiene rates. Niigata prefecture is located 200 miles north of Tokyo and is the largest prefecture facing the Japan Sea. There are five major tertiary hospitals in Niigata, and they communicate frequently and discuss infection control issues as a group. To investigate hand hygiene adherence before touching patients, and to evaluate the improvement of hand hygiene adherence induced by a multimodal intervention, we performed a pre- and postintervention study among HCWs at four of these tertiary care hospitals in Niigata.