Rising Kidney Cancer Cases and Emerging Treatments for Veterans

Cases of kidney cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), are increasing, with more than 81,600 expected diagnoses in 2024, largely due to improved imaging and rising rates of risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.^1,2 Veterans, particularly those exposed to chemicals and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), face a higher risk for RCC. Under the PACT Act, RCC may be recognized as service-related for Gulf War and post-9/11 veterans.^3,4

RCC accounts for more than 90% of kidney cancers and is often asymptomatic, making early detection reliant on an incidental finding on imaging.^4,5 Treatment for localized RCC typically involves surgery, with adjuvant immunotherapy for high-risk cases, though up to 50% of patients may still experience recurrence.⁶ Emerging treatments like stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) are gaining attention for managing inoperable or high-risk RCC as it has demonstrated high rates of effectiveness, local control, and strong survival outcomes; however, further comparison with surgical options is needed.⁷ Advances in adjuvant therapies for kidney cancer emphasize the potential to extend survival for high-risk patients post-surgery, but balancing the benefits with risks of this treatment remains crucial.⁸